Including auditory understanding of concepts, vocabulary, questions and directions as well as use of language such as grammar, length and structure of sentences, organization of thoughts and narrative language (i.e., telling a story).

Including phonological awareness skills, early written language skills, written language delays and acquired reading/writing difficulties (e.g., following a stroke or with degenerative disease).

Including developmental sound errors (e.g., “l” becomes “w”; lisp, weak “r” sound, etc.) and acquired sound errors (e.g., Apraxia of Speech following a stroke).

Including gender aligning voice work; vocal strain, roughness or hoarseness due to overuse (e.g., professional voice users); vocal abuse (e.g., acid reflux) and voice difficulties related to disease (e.g., Parkinson’s Disease).

Including school-aged children as well as teenagers and adults with or without secondary behaviors (e.g., avoiding social situations) or negative feelings/attitudes towards stuttering.

Including all disorders that impact the oropharyngeal swallow (e.g., difficulty chewing or swallowing foods, fluids and/or pills; Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease prevention/management strategies)